LaTeX Calculus Symbols & Integrals
Reference for single, double, and contour integrals (\int, \iint, \oint), partial derivatives (\partial), vector gradient (\nabla), and series limits. 1-click copy.
Calculus in LaTeX FAQ
How do I write double or triple integrals with correct spacing?▼
Instead of typing \int\int which results in awkward spacing, use \iint and \iiint provided by the amsmath package (\usepackage{amsmath}). For multidimensional integrals with dots, use \idotsint.
What is the correct way to typeset differentials like dx in integrals?▼
In rigorous academic publishing, differentials use an upright roman d with a small thin space: \, \mathrm{d}x. For example: \int f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x.
How do I place limits above and below summations or integrals?▼
In display math mode (\[ ... \]), limits automatically place directly above and below \sum and \lim. In inline math mode ($...$), force limits above and below by adding \limits: $\sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i$.
How do I represent gradient, divergence, and curl?▼
Use \nabla for the del/nabla gradient vector. For divergence, use \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}. For curl, use \nabla \times \mathbf{F}. For the Laplacian operator, use \nabla^2 or \Delta.